Acousto-optic devices exploit the interplay between light and sound waves to dynamically control optical signals. By utilising high-frequency acoustic waves, these devices induce periodic refractive ...

Equation: nλ = 2d sin θ. This calculator assumes monochromatic X-ray radiation and ideal Bragg reflection conditions. Peak positions from experimental data may require zero-shift correction.

XRD works by directing X-rays onto a crystalline material and analyzing the angles and intensities of the diffracted beams. The atomic planes within the crystal act as a three-dimensional grating, ...