Background: 10% to 18% of patients undergoing cholecystectomy for gallstones have common bile duct (CBD) stones. Treatment options for these stones include pre- or post-operative endoscopic retrograde ...

Bile duct stones that form from cholesterol or bile pigments can block the bile ducts. Difficult-to-treat bile duct stones are defined by their diameter (above 15 mm), number, unusual shape (such as ...