It has been demonstrated that particles reach a dynamic equilibrium level in normal operating machines. The theory is based on the fact that if particles are generated at a constant rate and are then ...

Dynamic equilibrium condition (DEC) is described as a steady-state condition at which the normal wear rate in a machine causes no net gain or loss of particles. The concept of DEC of particles is ...

Thermodynamics is a ‘gift’ of mechanics. Both newtonian and quantum dynamics in many-body systems lead to extremely complicated dynamical evolution. But both also have a feature that is exceptional ...

As part of their study, Gorbunov and his colleagues ran 3D particle-in-cell simulations that meant to reproduce particle acceleration in turbulence. This simulation method allows particles to move ...