Gallbladder stones, or cholelithiasis, are small, hardened deposits that form inside the gallbladder, the small organ that stores bile to aid digestion. While often associated with diet or lifestyle, ...

Chemically, black pigment stones is the polymerized bilirubin with metals. Therefore, environments suitable for the formation of black pigment stones are conditions that allow chemical polymerization ...

Kidney stones are hard objects made of minerals and salts in urine. The development of kidney stones occurs through the accumulation of minerals like calcium, along with oxalate or uric acid in urine.