The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine are private, nonprofit institutions that provide expert advice on some of the most pressing challenges facing the nation and world. Our ...

Visual observations have been a backbone in studies of volcanoes, from 2,000 years ago to now. They remain fundamental to understanding how volcanoes work, and technological advancements, such as ...

Think of a volcano as a soda can. Shake the can, and gas and pressure build up inside. Open the top and bam! — an explosion occurs. Volcanoes work much the same way. The heat deep inside Earth is so ...