Residential PV systems are generally installed on the rooftop of residential buildings, with a large metal surface area, higher distance from the ground and an exposed location. Such PV systems are ...

Lightning protection in photovoltaic (PV) systems is a critical area of study as these installations are increasingly exposed to atmospheric discharges that can substantially disrupt energy production ...

Electrical substations utilize direct lightning stroke shielding to help ensure proper operation, and to prevent costly damages and extended outages. While modern substation designs and equipment make ...

The share of wind power in total electric power generation is expected to increase, and with that comes a requirement for this carbon-free source to be more reliable. The most important component of a ...