Parameters for measuring animal responses to painful stimuli fall into three general categories: physiological, biochemical, and behavioral. In animal research, physiological parameters, such as ...

This talk will present the methodology of using the guided ultrasonic waves generated by the rodent to track its physiology, behavior, and psychological state. When behaving in an environment, muscle ...

Studies attempting to identify optimal space requirements for rodents have yielded conflicting results. Some reports indicate that rodents can be housed in spaces smaller than those recommended in the ...